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◆ Kamervraag· 2021Z16174Beantwoord

Mondkapjes

Pepijn van HouwelingenFVD23 sep 2021

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V1Bent u bekend met de uitspraak van de heer Van Dissel op 30 juli 2020 waarin hij een Noorse studie citeerde: «Om te illustreren: 200.000 personen moeten ten minste een week een mondkapje dragen om misschien één besmetting te voorkomen»? 1
V2Kunt u uitleggen waarom er dan toch al ruim een jaar een mondkapjesplicht in het openbaar vervoer en een groot deel van die tijd in algemene binnenruimtes van kracht is?
V3Kunt u het Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM) vragen om opnieuw onderzoek te doen naar het nut van mondkapjes?
V4Is het RIVM op de hoogte van het feit dat er inmiddels al ruim 30 studies zijn die de nutteloosheid van mondkapjes aankaarten? 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31
V5Kunt u, gezien het grote aantal wetenschappelijke studies dat aantoont dat mondkapjes niet werken, het RIVM vragen een lijst met studies aan te leveren die laten zien dat ze wel zouden werken?
V6Wat is het afwegingskader dat is gehanteerd door het RIVM? Met andere woorden, waarom zijn de studies die laten zien dat mondkapjes niet werken uiteindelijk niet doorslaggevend geweest? Welke studies wegen waarom zwaarder en rechtvaardigen het verplichten van mondkapjes?
V7Kunt u alle Outbreak Management Team (OMT)-documenten, mails, nota's et cetera aanleveren waarin wordt gesproken over de effectiviteit van mondkapjes in het voorkomen van coronabesmettingen?
V8Kunt u, overwegende dat het dragen van mondkapjes door zeer veel mensen als zeer onprettig en vrijheidsbeperkend wordt ervaren, het RIVM vragen om een inhoudelijke reactie te geven op deze studie met betrekking tot de effectiviteit van mondkapjes waaruit blijkt dat er geen verschil was tussen Amerikaanse staten waar wel en geen mondkapjesplicht van toepassing was? 32

V21Kunt u de bovenstaande vragen afzonderlijk beantwoorden? X Noot 1 NOS, 30 juli 2020, «Onderzoeker: studie die Van Dissel noemde is onduidelijk over nut mondkapjes» (nos.nl/nieuwsuur/artikel/2342344-onderzoeker-studie-die-van-dissel-noemde-is-onduidelijk-over-nut-mondkapjes). X Noot 2 medRxiv, 25 mei 2021, «Mask mandate and use efficacy in state-level COVID-19 containment» ( www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.21257385v1.full-text ). X Noot 3 Swiss Policy Research, september 2021, «Are Face Masks Effective? The Evidence.» (swprs.org/face-masks-evidence/). X Noot 4 National Library of Medicine, 1 februari 2018, «[Effect of a surgical mask on six minute walking distance]» (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29395560/). X Noot 5 National Library of Medicine, 22 juni 2020, ««Exercise with facemask; Are we handling a devil's sword?» – A physiological hypothesis» (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32590322/). X Noot 6 National Library of Medicine, augustus 2004, «The physiological impact of wearing an N95 mask during hemodialysis as a precaution against SARS in patients with end-stage renal disease» (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15340662/). X Noot 7 National Library of Medicine, 16 november 2015, «Respiratory consequences of N95-type Mask usage in pregnant healthcare workers-a controlled clinical study» (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26579222/). X Noot 8 National Library of Medicine, 3 juni 2019, «Contamination by respiratory viruses on outer surface of medical masks used by hospital healthcare workers» (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31159777/). X Noot 9 PMC, 22 april 2015, «A cluster randomised trial of cloth masks compared with medical masks in healthcare workers» ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4420971/ ). X Noot 10 medRxiv, 6 april 2020, «Facemasks and similar barriers to prevent respiratory illness such as COVID-19: A rapid systematic review» ( www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.20049528v1 ). X Noot 11 medRxiv, 7 april 2020, «Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Part 1 – Face masks, eye protection and person distancing: systematic review and meta-analysis» ( www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.20047217v2 ). X Noot 12 New England Journal of Medicine, 21 mei 2020, «Universal Masking in Hospitals in the Covid-19 Era» ( www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2006372 ). X Noot 13 JAMA Network, 3 september 2019, «N95 Respirators vs Medical Masks for Preventing Influenza Among Health Care Personnel» (jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2749214). X Noot 14 cmaj, 17 mei 2016, «Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks in protecting health care workers from acute respiratory infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis» ( www.cmaj.ca/content/188/8/567 ). X Noot 15 PMC, juli 2012, «The use of masks and respirators to prevent transmission of influenza: a systematic review of the scientific evidence» ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5779801/ ). X Noot 16 National Library of Medicine, 12 februari 2009, «Use of surgical face masks to reduce the incidence of the common cold among health care workers in Japan: a randomized controlled trial» (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19216002/). X Noot 17 PMC, 22 april 2015, «A cluster randomised trial of cloth masks compared with medical masks in healthcare workers» ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4420971/ ). X Noot 18 Oxford Academic, 7 augustus 2017, «Effectiveness of Masks and Respirators Against Respiratory Infections in Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis» (academic.oup.com/cid/article/65/11/1934/4068747). X Noot 19 Biocontrol Science, 2018, «Comparison of the Filter Efficiency of Medical Nonwoven Fabrics agains Three Different Microbe Aerosols» ( www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bio/23/2/23_61/_pdf/-char/en ). X Noot 20 World Journal of Surgery, 1991, «Postoperative wound infections and surgical face masks: A controlled study» (link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01658736). X Noot 21 Annals of the l'oyal College of Surgeons of England, 1981, «Is a mask necessary in the operating theatre?» ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493952/pdf/annrcse01509-0009.pdf ). X Noot 22 CIDRAP, 1 april 2020, «COMMENTARY: Masks-for-all for COVID-19 not based on sound data» (web.archive.org/web/20200717141836/https:/ www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/04/commentary-masks-all-covid-19-not-based-sound-data ). X Noot 23 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 8 april 2020, «Rapid Expert Consultation on the Effectiveness of Fabric Masks for the COVID-19 Pandemic» ( www.nap.edu/catalog/25776/rapid-expert-consultation-on-the-effectiveness-of-fabric-masks-for-the-covid-19-pandemic-april-8-2020 ). X Noot 24 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 8 april 2020, «Rapid Expert Consultation on the Effectiveness of Fabric Masks for the COVID-19 Pandemic» ( www.nap.edu/read/25776/chapter/1#6 ). X Noot 25 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, mei 2020, «Nonpharmaceutical Measures for Pandemic Influenza in Nonhealthcare Settings – Personal Protective and Environmental Measures» ( wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/5/19-0994_article ). X Noot 26 Oxford Academic, 28 juni 2010, «Simple Respiratory Protection – Evaluation of the Filtration Performance of Cloth Masks and Common Fabric Materials Against 20–1000 nm Size Particles» (academic.oup.com/annweh/article/54/7/789/202744). X Noot 27 PMC, 26 juni 2019 «Optical microscopic study of surface morphology and filtering efficiency of face masks» ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6599448/ ). X Noot 28 ACP Journals, 7 juli 2020, «Effectiveness of Surgical and Cotton Masks in Blocking SARS-CoV-2: A Controlled Comparison in 4 Patients» ( www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-1342 ). X Noot 29 Clinical Research in Cardiology, 6 juli 2020, «Effects of surgical and FFP2/N95 face masks on cardiopulmonary exercise capacity» (link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00392-020-01704-y). X Noot 30 ClinMed, 2020 «Adverse Effects of Prolonged Mask Use among Healthcare Professionals during COVID-19» (clinmedjournals.org/articles/jide/journal-of-infectious-diseases-and-epidemiology-jide-6-130.php?jid=jide). X Noot 31 ScienceDirect, 2008, «Preliminary report on surgical mask induced deoxygenation during major surgery» ( www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1130147308702355 ). X Noot 32 medRxiv, 25 mei 2021, «Mask mandate and use efficacy in state-level COVID-19 containment» ( www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.21257385v1.full ). X Noot 33 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, mei 2020 «Nonpharmaceutical Measures for Pandemic Influenza in Nonhealthcare Settings – Personal Protective and Environmental Measures» ( wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/5/19-0994_article ). X Noot 34 Annals of Internal Medicine, maart 2021, «Effectiveness of Adding a Mask Recommendation to Other Public Health Measures to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Danish Mask Wearers» ( www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-6817 ) X Noot 35 PLOS ONE, 13 oktober 2020, «Facemask against viral respiratory infections among Hajj pilgrims: A challenging cluster-randomized trial» (journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0240287). X Noot 36 The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, 23 juli 2020, «Masking lack of evidence with politics» ( www.cebm.net/covid-19/masking-lack-of-evidence-with-politics/ ). X Noot 37 Cochrane, 20 november 2020, «Do physical measures such as hand-washing or wearing masks stop or slow down the spread of respiratory viruses?» ( www.cochrane.org/CD006207/ARI_do-physical-measures-such-hand-washing-or-wearing-masks-stop-or-slow-down-spread-respiratory-viruses ). X Noot 38 International Research Journal of Public Health, 2021, «Mask mandate and use efficacy for COVID-19 containment in US States» (escipub.com/irjph-2021-08-1005/). X Noot 39 CIDRAP, 1 april 2020, «COMMENTARY: Masks-for-all for COVID-19 not based on sound data» ( www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/04/commentary-masks-all-covid-19-not-based-sound-data ). X Noot 40 New England Journal of Medicine, 21 mei 2020, «Universal Masking in Hospitals in the Covid-19 Era» ( www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2006372 ). X Noot 41 BMJ Open, 22 april 2015, «A cluster randomised trial of cloth masks compared with medical masks in healthcare workers» (bmjopen.bmj.com/content/5/4/e006577.info). X Noot 42 Thieme, 18 augustus 2020, «Mund-Nasen-Schutz in der Öffentlichkeit: Keine Hinweise für eine Wirksamkeit» ( www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/a-1174-6591 ). X Noot 43 Oxford Academic, 6 juli 2020, «It Is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)» (academic.oup.com/cid/article/71/9/2311/5867798). X Noot 44 BMJ Open, 22 april 2015, «A cluster randomised trial of cloth masks compared with medical masks in healthcare workers» (bmjopen.bmj.com/content/5/4/e006577.info). X Noot 45 New England Journal of Medicine, 19 november 2020, «Facial Masking for Covid-19» ( www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2030886 ).